Coulomb's Law (Vector Form)

📊 intermediate

$$\vec{F} = \frac{1}{4\pi\epsilon_0} \frac{q_1 q_2}{r^2} \hat{r}$$

Force between two point charges in vacuum.

Variables & Units

$\epsilon_0$

Permittivity of free space

Unit: $8.854 \times 10^{-12} C^2/N \cdot m^2$

$\hat{r}$

Unit vector along the line joining charges

Unit: Dimensionless

Key Information

📐 Derived From

Experimental observation.

💡 Example

Force between an electron and a proton in a Hydrogen atom.

🔧 Applications

Atomic physics and circuit protection.

⚠️ Constraints

Valid for point charges at rest.

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