Coulomb's Law in Dielectrics

📊 intermediate

$$F = \frac{1}{4\pi\epsilon_0\epsilon_r} \frac{q_1q_2}{r^2}$$

Calculates the electrostatic force between two charges when placed in a dielectric medium.

Variables & Units

$F$

Electrostatic Force

Unit: Newton ($N$)

$\epsilon_r$

Relative permittivity (dielectric constant)

Unit: Dimensionless

$q_1, q_2$

Magnitudes of charges

Unit: Coulomb ($C$)

$r$

Distance between charges

Unit: Meter ($m$)

Key Information

📐 Derived From

Modification of Coulomb's law for non-vacuum environments.

💡 Example

Force between ions in water (high $\epsilon_r$) vs air.

🔧 Applications

Capacitor design and molecular biology.

⚠️ Constraints

Uniform and isotropic dielectric medium.

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