Law of Malus (Polarization)

📊 intermediate

$$I = I_0 \cos^2 \theta$$

Relates the intensity of a beam of polarized light transmitted through a second polarizer to the angle between the transmission axes.

Variables & Units

$I_0$

Initial polarized intensity

Unit: $W/m^2$

$\theta$

Angle between polarizer axes

Unit: Degrees/Radians

Key Information

📐 Derived From

Resolution of electric field vector $E = E_0 \cos \theta$.

💡 Example

Dimming of light through rotating 3D cinema glasses.

🔧 Applications

LCD screens, photography filters, and stress analysis.

⚠️ Constraints

Incident light must already be linearly polarized.

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