Malus's Law

📊 intermediate

$$I = I_0 \cos^2 \theta$$

Determines the intensity of a beam of polarized light after passing through a polarizer.

Variables & Units

$I$

Transmitted intensity

Unit: $W/m^2$

$I_0$

Initial intensity

Unit: $W/m^2$

$\theta$

Angle between axis and polarization

Unit: Degrees/Radians

Key Information

📐 Derived From

Resolution of electric field vector components.

💡 Example

Light dimming as you rotate two polarized sunglasses.

🔧 Applications

LCD displays and stress analysis in plastics.

⚠️ Constraints

Light must be linearly polarized.

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