Physics

Relates the focal length of a lens to the refractive index of its material and the radii of curvature of its surfaces.

Calculates the electrostatic force between two charges when placed in a dielectric medium.

Relates the frequency of light emitted or absorbed to the change in energy levels of an electron in an atom.

Calculates the force exerted by a magnetic field on a particle with charge $q$ moving with velocity $v$.

The energy transferred to or from an object via the application of force along a displacement.

Relates current density to the electric field within a conductor.

Relates the maximum kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons to the frequency of incident light and the work function of the material.

Expresses centripetal force in terms of angular velocity.

Measures the stiffness of a solid material.

The rotational equivalent of linear momentum for a particle.

Relates the microscopic motion of gas molecules to the macroscopic pressure.

Measures the fraction of heat energy converted into useful work.

Calculates the magnetic field at a distance $r$ from an infinitely long straight wire.

The force per unit length exerted parallel to the surface of a liquid.

The constant speed reached by a falling object when the drag force equals the gravitational force.

Calculates the distance between two consecutive bright or dark fringes in an interference pattern.

Calculates the inductance of a long solenoid.

Relates the SI units of charge to the electrostatic force.

Energy of a rigid body due to its rotation about an axis.

Calculates the amount of heat energy required to change the temperature of a substance.

Relates the integrated magnetic field around a closed loop to the electric current passing through the loop.

Relates stopping potential to the incident photon frequency and work function.

Explains why cleavage faces of crystals appear to reflect X-ray beams at certain angles.

A measure of the total magnetic field passing through a given surface area.