Formula Library

Calculates the electrostatic force between two charges when placed in a dielectric medium.

Generalizes the Pythagorean theorem to any triangle by relating the lengths of sides to the cosine of one of its angles.

Calculates the total heat change in a chemical reaction using standard enthalpies of formation.

Relates the frequency of light emitted or absorbed to the change in energy levels of an electron in an atom.

Calculates the force exerted by a magnetic field on a particle with charge $q$ moving with velocity $v$.

A rule that transforms the integral of a product of functions into other forms.

States that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature at constant pressure.

The energy transferred to or from an object via the application of force along a displacement.

The amount of space occupied by a sphere.

Relates current density to the electric field within a conductor.

Total area including the lateral surface and the two circular bases.

The vapor pressure of an ideal solution is dependent on the vapor pressure of each chemical component and the mole fraction of that component present in the solution.

Relates the maximum kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons to the frequency of incident light and the work function of the material.

Expresses centripetal force in terms of angular velocity.

Calculates the rate of change of a variable raised to a constant power.

Measures the stiffness of a solid material.

States that the mass of a substance deposited at an electrode is proportional to the quantity of electricity passed.

The rotational equivalent of linear momentum for a particle.

Calculates the sum of the first $n$ terms of an arithmetic progression.

Relates the microscopic motion of gas molecules to the macroscopic pressure.

Calculates the straight-line distance between two points in three-dimensional space.

Measures the fraction of heat energy converted into useful work.

Calculates the magnetic field at a distance $r$ from an infinitely long straight wire.

Describes the variation of the Gibbs energy with temperature.